A 64 year old with past medical history of hyperlipidemia (HLD), acid reflux, and hypertension (HTN) presents to the ED with a headache. He states the symptoms started when he was working on his pool this afternoon. The headache began gradually 3 hours ago and now is an 8/10 in severity. It is in the right temporal region. The patient denies any similar headaches in the past. He took Tylenol prior to arrival with minimal relief of pain. He denies any current visual changes, weakness, or numbness in his arms or legs. He states he felt nauseous just prior to arrival but the sensation has passed. He denies chest pain.
Medical history: HTN, HLD, GERD
Social: former pack per day smoker for 15 years, quit 10 years ago, wine once a week, denies IV drug use
Surgical history: Cholecystectomy 10 years ago
Meds: Amlodipine, atorvastatin, omeprazole
Exam:
VS: HR 63, BP 185/98, O2 100%, RR 16, T 36.8
General: Mild distress due to headache but speaking in full sentences.
HEENT: Unremarkable, head non-tender, atraumatic exam, pupils equal and reactive to light, EOMI, no visual field deficits
Pulmonary: Clear to auscultation, no wheezes or crackles
CV: regular rate and rhythm, no murmurs or gallops
Abdomen: Soft, nontender, no rebound or guarding
Neuro: Alert and oriented x 3, cranial nerves intact, 5/5 strength in all extremities, sensory intact, finger to nose normal
Given the history and vitals you are concerned about potential intracranial pathology and called CT to get the patient to the scanner STAT!
The CT-head shows left lobar intracranial hemorrhage with a hematoma size of 25 ml.
The blood pressure is now 190/100! However, the patient is still awake and speaking in full sentences.
Lots of medical management involved with ICH. As always start with ABCs. Get fingerstick, CT scan, reverse Anticoagulants
Focus of this MR will be on BP management in ICH
Why is BP management important for ICH?
One reason is to prevent hematoma expansion. Worsening hematoma expansion can lead to worse clinical outcomes
Does dropping BP too much lead to ischemia to surrounding tissue?
There are some concerns that acutely lowering BP in someone with an intracranial hemorrhage can lead to decreased perfusion to the brain tissue around the hematoma.
What the AHA Guidelines, ATACH II trial, and INTERACT II trial Say About BP Goals
American Heart Association/American Stroke Association guidelines recommends acutely lowering SBP to 140 in those presenting with ICH
INTERACT II
Compared intensive SBP (<140mmHg) vs guideline-recommended (<180mmHg) in patients with ICH. Used antihypertensives of physicians’ choice to lower SBP within one hour
Primary outcome was death or major disability (over 3 on modified Rankin scale) at 90 days
No statistical difference in 90 days in death or severe disability but the intensive group did have statistically lower modified Rankin scores
ATACH II
Patients with ICP were randomized to two groups, one group with SBP goal of 110-139 the other 140-179.
Only used Nicardipine
Primary end point was if there was a mortality benefit or improvement in disability in the two groups
There was no difference between the two groups
Which agent should one use for BP control?
First, control pain if patient is awake!
Second, make sure the patient is adequately sedated if they are intubated
Nicardipine is the agent of choice for most centers in the US
Fast onset ~15 mins and relatively titratable 6
Dose: 5mg/hr to start, increase 2.5mg every 15mins – once you reach BP goal, titrate the drip down 3mg (because of the reason above)
Pure arterial vasodilator with cerebral vasodilation
Wei Li, MD is a current second year resident at Stony Brook Emergency Medicine. References
Sakamoto Y, Koga M, Yamagami H, et al. Systolic blood pressure after intravenous antihypertensive treatment and clinical outcomes in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage: the stroke acute management with urgent risk-factor assessment and improvement-intracerebral hemorrhage study. Stroke. 2013;44(7):1846-1851. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001212 Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, et al. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2355-2365. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1214609
Hemphill JC 3rd, Greenberg SM, Anderson CS, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2015;46(7):2032-2060. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000069
Anderson CS, Huang Y, Arima H, et al. Effects of early intensive blood pressure-lowering treatment on the growth of hematoma and perihematomal edema in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT). Stroke 2010; 41:307.
Qureshi AI, Palesch YY, Barsan WG, et al. Intensive Blood-Pressure Lowering in Patients with Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(11):1033-1043. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603460
Edited by Bassam Zahid, MD
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